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Extending Deterrence: How the Hangor-Class Reshapes Pakistan’s Maritime A2/AD Posture

An in-depth analysis of how Pakistan's new Hangor-class submarines will reshape naval strategy, using advanced AIP technology to extend its A2/AD frontier deep into the Indian Ocean.


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The third Pakistan Navy (PN) Hangor-class air-independent propulsion (AIP)-equipped submarine was recently launched. Seeing that the lead boat, PNS Hangor, has been in sea trials since April 2024, it appears that the PN will begin inducting its new-generation submarine by either the end of 2025 or towards the start of 2026.

Undoubtedly, inducting all eight boats will significantly enlarge the PN submarine force, especially its AIP-equipped fleet by nearly 4X from 3 to 11 boats, not including induction of AIP-equipped SWATS/mini-submarines, which would increase it further.

However, as half of the Hangor order is being built in KSEW, that complete shift is still years away – potentially extending into the early 2030s. That said, one can expect the relatively rapid induction of the first four boats from China within the next two years. It would double the PN’s AIP-equipped submarine (SSP) fleet fairly rapidly.

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Bilal Khan

Bilal Khan

Founder of Quwa, Bilal has been researching Pakistani defence industry and security issues for over 15 years. His work has been cited by Pakistan's National Defence University (NDU), the Council of Foreign Relations, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Centre of Airpower Studies and many others. He has a Hons. B.A in Political Science and Masters of Interntional Public Policy from Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

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